Complex Materials Playbook

Materials too mineralogically complex, contaminated, or low-grade for conventional processing

The Best Opportunities

The sweet spot for biomining is where you're dealing with waste, legacy sites, or materials that benefit from alternative processing approaches. These are the contexts where biology's strengths (lower OPEX, mild conditions, selectivity, reduced environmental impact) are most valuable.

Where Biology Adds Value

Conventional mining is highly optimized for high-grade ores. For complex materials, biotechnology offers a complementary approach that can shift the economics and reduce environmental impact.

Low-grade material where conventional processing is uneconomic
Complex mineralogy (refractory ores, polymetallic systems)
Environmental hazards (AMD, tailings, legacy sites)
Remote locations where chemical transport is expensive or impossible
Thin margins where small OPEX reductions make projects viable

Complex Materials

Note: These materials are illustrative examples, not a comprehensive overview.